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Private-label products or services are typically those manufactured or provided by one company for offer under another company's brand. Private-label goods and services are available in a wide range of industries from food to cosmetics to web hosting. They are often positioned as lower-cost alternatives to regional, national or international brands, although recently some private label brands have been positioned as "premium" brands to compete with existing "name" brands. Growing market shares and increasing variety of private label consumer packaged goods is now a global phenomenon. However, private label market shares exhibit widespread diversity across international markets and product categories.〔Baltas, G. & Argouslidis, P. (2007). Consumer characteristics and demand for store brands. ''International Journal of Retail and Distribution Management'' 35 (5): 328-341〕 Empirical research on private label products has been of substantial interest to both marketing academics and managers. Considerable work has been done on well-defined areas of private-label research such as private-label brand strategy, market performance of private-label products, competition with national brands, market structure, and buyer behavior.〔Corstjens, M. & Lal, R. (2000). Building Store Loyalty through Store Brands. ''Journal of Marketing Research'' 37 (3): 281-291.〕〔Baltas, G. (2003). A combined segmentation and demand model for store brands. ''European Journal of Marketing'' 37: 1499-1513 〕 For example, Richelieu Foods is a private-label company producing frozen pizza, salad dressing, marinades, and condiments for other companies, including Hy-Vee, Aldi, Save-A-Lot, Sam's Club,〔(【引用サイトリンク】 publisher = WCFcourier.com, RC Balaban, August 27, 2006 )〕 Hannaford Brothers Co.,〔 BJ's Wholesale Club (Earth's Pride brand) and Shaw's Supermarkets (Culinary Circle brand). Another example is the Cott Corporation, which manufactures private-label beverages for supermarket chains. McBride plc is a Europe-based provider of private-label household and personal care products. == Private Label Manufacturers Association == The Private Label Manufacturer's Association (PLMA)〔(plma.com )〕 in the United States categorizes private-label manufacturers into four categories:〔(plma.com )〕 # Large national brand manufacturers that utilize their expertise and excess plant capacity to supply store brands. # Small, quality manufacturers who specialize in particular product lines and concentrate on producing store brands almost exclusively. Often these companies are owned by corporations that also produce national brands. # Major retailers and wholesalers that own their own manufacturing facilities and provide store-brand products for themselves. # Regional brand manufacturers that produce private-label products for specific markets. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Private label」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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